Address resolution Protocol (ARP) Advanced Computer Network by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - October 13, 20210 Address Resolution Protocol Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used to find the MAC (Media Access Control) address of a device from its IP address. This protocol is used when a device wants to communicate with another device on a Local Area Network or Ethernet. Types of ARP There are four types of Address Resolution Protocol, which is given below: Proxy ARP Gratuitous ARP Reverse ARP (RARP) Inverse ARP Click the link to view the PPT Address Resolution Protocol
OSI Reference Model Data Communication by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - September 28, 20210 OSI Reference Model This model is based on a proposal by ISO revised in 1995. The model is called the ISO-OSI(open System Interconnection) as it deals with connecting open systems – that is systems that are open for communication with others. The principles that were applied to arrive at the seven layers can be briefly summarised as: A layers should be created where a different abstraction is needed Each layer should perform a well-defined function The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye toward defining internationally standardised protocols The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize information flows across the interfaces The number of layers should be large enough that distinct function need not be thrown together in the
Data Communications : Components, Protocols Components Data Communication by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - September 28, 2021September 28, 20210 Data Communications : Components, protocols Components Outcome : Audience will be able to i. differentiate between data and information ii. To name various components of a communication system iii. To describe the characteristics of the effective communication iv. To differentiate between protocol and standard v. To know various standards organization Data Data is considered to be raw data. It represents ‘values of qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items.’ It may be in the form of numbers, letters, or a set of characters. Data is often collected via measurements. In data computing or data processing, data is represented by in a structure, such as tabular data, data tree, a data graph, etc. Categories of Data Data can be analog data or digital data- analog data refers
Introduction to data Link Layer Advanced Computer Network by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - September 25, 2021September 28, 20210 Data Link Layer Communication at DLL is node-to-node (two end host and the routers as nodes). Links-Cable, air. Two types Broadcast and point-to-point. In broadcast link is shared and in point-to-point the link is dedicated between two ends Services: Located between physical and network layer – When packet is travelling in the internet, DLL of a node(host or router) is responsible for delivering a datagram to the next node in the path. Framing – link addres(dst and src) IP add(src, dst) data, CRC Flow Control Error Control Congestion control Although the TCP/IP reference model is primarily supported as the standard model based on TCP/IP protocol suite, the focus of the TCP/IP reference model does not clearly separate and distinguish
Introduction to Physical Layer Advanced Computer Network by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - September 25, 2021September 28, 20210 Role of Physical Layer Physical Layer Signals – bit Bite Rate- no. of bits sent in one seconds Bit length- distance one bit occupies on the transmission medium = propagation speed x bit duration Attenuation- Loss of energy as it travels on the medium. To compensate for loss, we may use different components such as amplifiers, Decible- It is the unit that measure the relative strength (power or voltage) of two signals one signal at two different points. db = 10 log10(P2/P1) or db = 20 log10 (V2/V1) It should be noted that db will be +ve if signal is amplified and –ve if signal is lost/attenuated Nyquist bit rate :For noiseless channel, the nyquist bit rate define theoretical maximum bit rate as Nyquist bit