Encapsulation Data Communication by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - May 10, 20210 Encapsulation – through the use of PDU (protocol data unit) which encapsulates data by adding a header at each layer.
Level of Programming Languages Computer Organization and Architecture by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - April 29, 2021May 21, 20210 Levels of programming languages: A computer system is composed of hardware and the software. At the lowest level is the hardware layer and above it are the software layers. A computer is an electronic programmable machine. To make the hardware work, it can be programmed using the programming languages. These languages are divided into various levels, these are described below: Machine Level Language: It is a language of 0’s and 1’s, which is a binary language. Writing in binary format is very difficult. But is very easy machine, bcs m/c works on binary. Therefor m/c can directly execute such code without conversion. Assembly Level Language : In thi level mnemonic or symbols are used for the binary code. Thus making it convenient for the
Simple Project use of classes, copy constructor and aggregation JAVA by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - April 20, 20210 A simple project Following Classes: 1. Student Class 2. Subject Class 3. ExamPaper Class Aggregation example: when you have field in one class that are also the object in another class, there comes a concept what is called aggregation. We can access those object members from this class object using aggregation concept. See code in main method for aggregation: System.out.println(paper.getSubject().getSubjectCode()); //similarily if you want to extract only the student number, see how you can System.out.println("Student number:"+paper.getStudent().getStudentNumber()); Let us see the complete project involving all the above classes in intellij package com.example; public class classAndObjects { public static void main(String[] args) { Subject subject1 = new Subject ("ETEE 310", "MP&MC"); Student std1=new Student("Ravinder", 1234); Exampaper paper = new Exampaper(std1, subject1, 100); //System.out.println(paper); //we can extract more information from paper object, say we want to know the subject code. //See the
INT 21h DOS interrupt 8086 Microprocessor by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - April 19, 2021May 10, 20210 INT 21h / AH=1 - read Character from standard input, with echo, result is stored in AL. INT 21h Service no. 01h Description Example MOV AH, 1 INT 21h read Character from standard input, with echo, result is stored in AL. if there is no Character in the keyboard buffer, the function waits until any key is pressed INT 21h / AH=2 - write Character to standard output. INT 21h Service no. 02h Description Example MOV AH, 2 MOV DH, 'a' INT 21h Write Character to standard output. entry: DH = Character to write, after executionAL = DH. INT 21h / AH=5 - output Character to printer. INT 21h Service no. 05h Description Example MOV AH, 5 MOV DH, 'a' INT 21h output Character to printer. entry: DH = Character to print, after execution AL = DH. INT 21h / AH=6 - Direct console input or output. INT 21h Service no. 06h Description Example MOV AH, 6 MOV DH, 'a' INT 21h; output Character. MOV AH, 6 MOV DH, 255 INT 21h; get Character from keyboard buffer (if
INT 11, INT 12, INT 16, INT 19 8086 Microprocessor by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - April 19, 20210 INT 11h - get BIOS equipment list. INT 11h D15-14 D13 D12 D11-9 D8 D7-6 D5-4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Get BIOS equipment list. No. of // device Res Game port yes/ no No. of serial device Res. No. of FDD-1 Initial vedio mode res PS/2 mouse installed Math uP installed Set if booted from FDD Return Bios list word in AX; details given here for All bits D15-0 from memory 0040:0010h 00 - 1 01 - 2 10 - 3 11 - 4 0 no 1yes 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 00 -1 01 -2 10- 3 11-4 00 EGA/ VGA/PGA 01 - 40x25 CGA color 10 - 80x25 CGA color 11 - 80x25 mono txt 1 yes 0 no 1-enabled 2- Diabled INT 12h - Get Memory Size. INT 12h Service no. NIL Returns Description Example Get memory Size. AX = kilobytes of contiguous memory starting at absolute address 00000h, this call returns the contents of the word at 0040h:0013h INT 16h / AH = 00h - get keystroke from keyboard (no echo). INT 16h Service no. 00h Returns Description Example Get keystroke from keyboard (no echo). AH = BIOS scan code. AL = ASCII