Arithmetic Micro-operations Computer Organization and Architecture by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - March 17, 2021April 28, 20210 Arithmetic Micro-operation RTL notation description Addition R3 <-- R1 + R2 Content of R1 and R2 added, result in R3 Subtraction R3 <-- R1 - R2 Content of R2 subtracted from content of R1 added, result in R3 1’s complement R2 <-- R2’ Content of R2 complemented 2’s complement R2 <-- R2’ +1 2’s complement on the Content of R2 Subtraction using 2’s complement R3 <-- R1 + R2’ + 1 Subtraction using 2’s complement Increment R1 <-- R1+1 An increment micro-operation Decrement R1 <-- R1 - 1 A decrement micro-operation We now describe the arithmetic circuits for performing the above arithmetic micro-operations. A Half adder and full adders are the basic building blocks used in above operation. Half Adder: A half adder is an arithmetic circuit used to add two binary bits. These bits are carry-in and a bit of the number. The symbolic notation
System Bus and Memory Transfer Computer Organization and Architecture by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - March 15, 2021December 9, 20220 Bus and Memory Transfer: Introduction: as discussed in the beginning of this chapter that the micro-operation are the operations, such as the transfer, performed on the data stored in the registers. A simple system may contain few registers and the mechanism can be very simple as described below in the register transfer notation: T1 : R2 <-- R0 T3: R2 <-- R1 The two statements have a common destination but two different sources of data. Either the content of R0 or R1 is loaded in R2. Registers shown in figure are 1-bit in length (i.e. FF), however they will be of size in multiple of bytes. For this simple case we can employ a 2x1 MUX to perform the transfer operation described register=transfer notation.. Bus
Register Transfer Language Computer Organization and Architecture by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - March 10, 2021May 10, 20210 Register Transfer Language(RTL) RTL: A register transfer language is a language of hardware. It is symbolic language. statements written in RTL are transformed into hardware circuit. Micro-operations: A program is a collection of instructions and the variables or data associated with that instruction. The instruction when executing are converted into micro-operations. The micro-operations are the operations performed on the contents of the registers. Internally the CPU accesses the contents of the registers and stores the partial result back into the register which can then be transferred to memory location or other input-output devices. Internal hardware organization of a computer is best described by the registers it contains and the operations that can be performed on them. The computer organizations thus can be described
Basic Structure of a Digital Computer Computer Organization and Architecture by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - February 27, 2021March 2, 20210 Basic structure of a digital computer The basic structure of a computer can be well described with the help of the figure-2. It consists of the CPU, the system bus and the peripherals all interconnected in some well-defined way to form a complete computer system. The CPU is the black box of the complete system doing all complex but useful tasks. It includes the arithmetic and logic unit for performing all operations of simple to complex arithmetic including scientific. Control unit and internal register is also part of the CPU. System Bus: The system bus is basically a set of wire used to carry various information and control signal among various units inside the computer system. Depending on the type of information carried
Introduction to Computer Organization Computer Organization and Architecture by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - February 27, 2021February 27, 20210 Basic Computer Organization: A computer system is composed of the hardware and the software. Computer hardware are those parts which can be physically seen, touched and felt whereas the software are the ones responsible for making the system work, the software are there in the systems and can’t be physically touched seen and felt but there presence lets the whole computer system to function in a coordinated manner. The software can be the systems software or the application software. The system software are designed to make more effective use of the computer. The programs included in a systems software package are referred to as the operating system like Windows, Linux, MAC and for small hand held devices these are Android and