Data Communications : Components, Protocols Components Data Communication by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - September 28, 2021September 28, 20210 Data Communications : Components, protocols Components Outcome : Audience will be able to i. differentiate between data and information ii. To name various components of a communication system iii. To describe the characteristics of the effective communication iv. To differentiate between protocol and standard v. To know various standards organization Data Data is considered to be raw data. It represents ‘values of qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items.’ It may be in the form of numbers, letters, or a set of characters. Data is often collected via measurements. In data computing or data processing, data is represented by in a structure, such as tabular data, data tree, a data graph, etc. Categories of Data Data can be analog data or digital data- analog data refers
Introduction to data Link Layer Advanced Computer Network by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - September 25, 2021September 28, 20210 Data Link Layer Communication at DLL is node-to-node (two end host and the routers as nodes). Links-Cable, air. Two types Broadcast and point-to-point. In broadcast link is shared and in point-to-point the link is dedicated between two ends Services: Located between physical and network layer – When packet is travelling in the internet, DLL of a node(host or router) is responsible for delivering a datagram to the next node in the path. Framing – link addres(dst and src) IP add(src, dst) data, CRC Flow Control Error Control Congestion control Although the TCP/IP reference model is primarily supported as the standard model based on TCP/IP protocol suite, the focus of the TCP/IP reference model does not clearly separate and distinguish
Introduction to Physical Layer Advanced Computer Network by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - September 25, 2021September 28, 20210 Role of Physical Layer Physical Layer Signals – bit Bite Rate- no. of bits sent in one seconds Bit length- distance one bit occupies on the transmission medium = propagation speed x bit duration Attenuation- Loss of energy as it travels on the medium. To compensate for loss, we may use different components such as amplifiers, Decible- It is the unit that measure the relative strength (power or voltage) of two signals one signal at two different points. db = 10 log10(P2/P1) or db = 20 log10 (V2/V1) It should be noted that db will be +ve if signal is amplified and –ve if signal is lost/attenuated Nyquist bit rate :For noiseless channel, the nyquist bit rate define theoretical maximum bit rate as Nyquist bit
Introduction to Advanced Computer Networks Advanced Computer Network by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - September 25, 2021September 28, 20210 ADVANCED COMPUTER NETWORKS Objective: To understand different network protocols with emphasis on TCP/IP protocol suite. Syllabus UNIT-I Network Layer: ARP,RARP,ICMP,IPv4 Routing Principles, Routing and overview, DVR and LSR, the IGRP and EIGRP, BGP, Routing Information Protocol (RIP), OSPF (IPv4 / IPv6). Multicasting in IP Environments-Broadcasting, Multicasting, IGMP and Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD). The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), Multicast OSPF (MOSPF), Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM). UNIT-II Transport Layer: Transport layer overview, UDP, TCP (Flow Control, Error Control, and Connection Establishment), TCP Protocol: TCP Tahoe, TCP Reno. UNIT-III Optical Networking: Introduction to Optical networking, its benefits and drawbacks, SONET layered architecture, frame format, SONET network configuration, its advantages and benefits. Quality of Service: Introducing QoS, Queue Analysis, QoS Mechanisms, Queue Management algorithms, Resource Reservation, Diffserv and Intserv. UNIT-IV Overview of latest concepts: TCP/IP Applications:
8085 Memory Organization 8085 Microprocessor by Ravinder Nath Rajotiya - September 24, 2021September 24, 20210 8085 Memory Organization 8085 has 16 address lines, so it can address up to 64KB of memory. This 64KB may be one single IC or can be made using smaller memory IC. The operations on the memory IC can be a memory read or memory write. We can connect the RD’ or WR’ lines from the microprocessor to the coprresponding RD’ and WR’ pins of the memory IC. Thses signals can also be generated by an external logic Figure above shows the necessary signals in addition to the pins on a typical 64 Byte memory module. These signals are: 6 address lines ( because 2^6 = 64) 8 address lines to carry 8-bit of data Control lines as RD’, WR’ and CS’ (chip select) The memory